A Lesson From Oliver Essays - Scoop, , Term Papers

A Lesson From Oliver by David Jorgensen Like some other morning I was up at four, the day Oliver met with his rough passing. At four toward the beginning of the day the grass is wet. Presently, it's despite everything wet at 6 a.m. what's more, even at seven, and these tend to be the long periods of decision for the vast majority wishing to value the marvel of grass wetness. Yet, it's a disaster of financial matters that, when work begins at 5 a.m., one isn't managed a similar time-choices for grass appreciation as individuals from the normal world. Nor was this disaster kept to my valuing the wet grass while in a metabolic state increasingly fit to hibernation. Four a.m. was my solitary opportunity to assimilate all of northern Ontario's mid year morning treasures. These were various and dishonorably misjudged by my torpid resources, so impolitely stimulated before their time. Be that as it may, here was nature, resolved to be great with or without my investment, and some way or another at some inner mind level, put away for future reference, I appear to have soaked up her unobtrusive improvements. Along the eastern shores of the night-sky a sprinkle of shading would develop. The throughout the night cricket band would hesitantly wind down under the principal delicate reveille from those prompt risers of witticism acclaim. And afterward would come the most striking impression of all: the smell of new dew on the grass - I think the expressions invigorating and inebriating were instituted by somebody who'd recently taken their first breath of northern morning air (however they likely did as such somewhere in the range of 6 and 7 a.m. at the point when one is better prepared to wax beautiful and the entry of tangible data from one's noses to the mind isn't so miserably obstructed - just like the case at 4 a.m.). Every one of these sensations I can completely acknowledge just presently, by and large (since as of now I guarantee you it isn't 4 a.m.). At four o'clock that morning of June 26, 1979, as I walked over the section of land measured garden to the old shed outside my folks' unassuming country home - arranged along the English Bay sideroad, neglecting the separated, shimmering waters of Blue-Pine Lake, somewhere in the range of six miles west of the little visitor town of Thistle, Ontario - the main sensation pervading my sleepy cognizance was the nibble of that long wet grass leaking through the creases of my old running shoes. What's more, even this twigged just one, unpoetic picture at 4 a.m.: Mother's going to make me cut the garden when I return home. Reality of this semi-discouraging understanding was strengthened as I pulled up my trouser leg to snap a flexible band over the sleeve: my ratty pants were wet up past the lower leg. Most likely about it...the grass length had now authoritatively outperformed my mom's resilience of things long and verdant. This yard would be cut. I would be the killer choose. I jumped on my ten-speed: second-rigging to get up the carport, a Or maybe impressive grade from the bicycle shed; 6th rigging over the rock street, around two miles. At that point hit the expressway, pop her into tenth and journey the last four miles to town on radiant asphalt. Of course, however, I'd scarcely siphoned out of the carport before the breeze from my own humble fly stream started making my grass hosed feet begin wanting warm socks - an irritating incongruity, considering the oven of a sky under which I'd generally pedal home later in the day. That is one point in favor of 4 a.m., regardless of wet feet, it's the most amicable time of day in the hot summer a long time to go significant distance bicycle riding. In the diminish, level pre-day break light I could make out just three particular structures. There was the blue-dark sky hanging overhead like some unlimited, gravity-resisting lake; there was the spooky dark segment of rock questionably denoting my pathway; and there were the two inauspicious dark dividers, indistinct what's more, solid, flanking either roadside. The cool air licked at my face and started to wash the pulsating deadness from my head. It moreover cleared my eyes and I started to recognize just because the singular trees - for the most part birch, poplar and pines of a few assortment - of which those ceaseless side of the road dividers were fabricated. I was starting to wake up. In like manner, my contemplations advanced to the following phase of their conventional morning run which took them day by day from the bed of absolute confusion, to the boulevards of paltry pondering and - for the most part, in the long run - to the workplaces of helpful association. For those

China Foreign Direct Investment in Cambodia - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine about the China Foreign Direct Investment in Cambodia. Answer: Presentation This report centers around the Business ecological investigation of Cambodia for the business extension. This is the worldwide business report on the organization Novotel that is entering in the universal market of Cambodia. Novotel is an upscale inn brand under the AccorHotels gathering. In current time, Novotel has around 400 lodgings and resorts working in 60 nations. Novotel has begun its first inn in France and now it is working in everywhere throughout the world. Presently, lodging will grow its business in Cambodia. Be that as it may, before entering in the new nation, it is significant for the organization to comprehend the business condition of the nation which can essentially influence the business tasks (Frynas Mellahi, 2011). This report breaks down the natural components including the formal and casual establishments of the nation. Business Environmental Analysis Formal Institutions Legislative issues Political framework at first assumes a critical job and bigly affects the business. There are different variables of Cambodias political elements that sway on the inn professional government guidelines, provincial joining and the degree of tax assessment. Cambodia is one of the creating nations which has sacred domain with majority rule government of multi gatherings and elective specialists. Cambodia has the position of most major worldwide organizations like ASEAN, IMF, WTO, UN and The World Bank (The Heritage Foundation, 2017). Further, nation has stable world of politics which is valuable for the new business in the nation. It must be noticed that there is high political hazard in the nation. The framework of Cambodia is poor and there is the need of extra speculations. The entrance of power is restricted there and this is the test for larger part of populace. Laws Legitimate framework and rules of games In Cambodia, there is the business register law which characterizes the procedure and prerequisites related with the enrollment or development of business organization. As the piece of commitment to advertise advancement, Ministry of Commerce of Cambodia has permitted outside organizations to connect unreservedly in the business activities. Abroad organizations just need to select themselves with the Ministry of Commerce and make good on significant assessments. Next, there is business endeavors law which accommodates the advancement of four kinds of legitimate individual for example restricted association, regular business, private constrained organization and open constrained organization. This law gives free legitimate character to the organization and lawful risk for the investors. Alongside this, it characterizes the rights and accountabilities of the members of the organization. Next, there is business mediation law in the Cambodian legitimate framework so as to settle business questions in the lawful and legal condition. In spite of compelling laws and enactments, there are issues in the laborers rights. Notwithstanding of all around created work assembly, there is juridical defilement and feeble observing organizations which prompted maltreatment of the privileges of laborers. Because of absence of associations, it is hard for individuals to take adversary their privileges in working environments. Financial aspects Monetary turn of events Over two many years of solid money related turn of events, Cambodia has accomplished the degree of lower center salary starting at 2016 alongside the Gross National Income (GNI) per capita coming to $1,070. Because of Garments fares and Tourism, there is a customary advancement pace of 7.6% in the nation which has positioned 6th on the planet. In Cambodia, it is normal that monetary development of the nation will stay solid throughout the following two years for example 6.8% in 2018 and 6.9% in 2019. Neediness is consistently falling in Cambodia as in 2014; the destitution rate was 13.5% as complexity to 47.8% in 2007. Around 90% of denied individuals live in the nation. Alongside this, Cambodia has the Millennium Development Goals by helping neediness. Around 4.5 million individuals remain close poor, vulnerable to declining once again into destitution (The World Bank Group, 2017). Wellbeing and instruction is significant improvement needs for Cambodia. There are 32% or around 0.5 million youngsters under five who are immature. In the essential training, net enlistment expanded from 82% in 1997 from 97% in 2017. Further, lower auxiliary fulfillment rate is 43%. Monetary framework The monetary arrangement of Cambodia is an open market framework or market economy and has accomplished brisk financial improvement during a decade ago. In 2015, Cambodia has GDP of $18.05 billion. Further, per capita pay is quickly expanding yet it is low as contrasted and most neighboring nations. As of now the focal point of the nation is on building up agreeable outskirts with neighbor nations for example Vietnam and Thailand. In the open market of the nation, exchange is significant for the economy of Cambodia (Kotler et al, 2012). The normal applied tax rate is 4.9% in the nation. New outside interest in the nation might be observed by the administration of Cambodia. Privatization in the nation has expanded the proficiency of banking area. Credit to private part in the nation has expanded. It ought to be noticed that there is the significant level of financial hazard in Cambodia. The quickly developing economy of the nation is ruled by the travel industry, development and horticulture. Alongside this, The World Bank has characterized Cambodia as the nation of low-center pay nation (Oneill, 2014). Casual Institutions Culture In Cambodia, individuals have conventions and customs so as to accomplish broad and stable relations in the business. Cambodians puts stock in having suitable execution which is extremely essential. The nation has long history of human advancement and culture which is influenced by Indian nation. Cambodians have two strict perspectives for example Hinduism and Buddhism. 95% of Buddhist depends on close to home encounters, sensibility and basic examination. The social investigation of Cambodia should be possible by Hofstede Cultural Dimension. High Power separation There is the noteworthy hole in the Cambodian culture between unrivaled force and powerless. This is related with the separation among rich and poor. Significant level of vulnerability evasion The development of Cambodia is probably going to lessen the danger and ensure the financial protections. There are different composed principles, less hazard taking by officials, less goal-oriented representatives and lower work turnover (Hofstede, 2011). Community Individuals in Cambodia are worried for long haul affiliations. They give more worry to family, gatherings and society. Further, they care for one another to show devotion and less independence. High women's activist or low manliness record Individuals care for one another and greatness of the life for the two people. In the associations, administrators give greater affirmation to the representatives on the off chance that they carry out their responsibility with high obligation. Alongside this, they permit them more opportunity (Alkailani, Azzam and Athamneh, 2012). Morals Dominion There is both positive also negative parts of colonialism morals of Cambodia. In the positive angle, Cambodia is constantly thriving with the material business because of its standards and morals. There are numerous Cambodians who despite everything live with farming business. Further, there is additionally acceptable arrangement of the travel industry which improves the economy of nation. Alongside this, there are solid social associations in the Cambodian culture (Tang, 2012). Then again, the economy of the nation is anything but difficult to lose as the huge piece of this is the travel industry. Cambodians are depending on the cultivating occupation for the food and business yet there is the danger of whether conditions. By knowing the foundation data, nation has made a few adversaries that can unleash and affect on the exchanges of the nation (Webley Werner, 2008). Standards In the Cambodian culture, there are a few standards followed by individuals in Cambodia. Some of them are as per the following: Language-Khmer is the official language of Cambodia. This language is utilized in the social setting for example training at all the levels, government organizations and in broad communications. This language is spoken by 7 million individuals which are 90% of all out populace. Ideas There are reasonable thoughts identified with community which assumes indispensable jobs in the regular day to day existence of Cambodians. For karma, the idea incorporates with the law of activity and sanely. For the community, individuals in Cambodia offer inclinations to family, society and gatherings instead of person. The thought concentrations about concealing any hint of failure which attempts to avoid losing face of anybody in the exchanges. In this way, on the off chance that any organization needs to work with Cambodia, at that point it ought to be aware of the activities (Vidal-Suarez Lopez-Duarte, 2013). Welcome When Cambodian welcome, they twist around their head for demonstrating reverence with squeezing the hands commonly. This movement is known as Som Pas. Further, when Cambodians meet with remote people then they fundamentally adapt the welcome of outside styles by shaking hands. Rather than taking the name of Cambodians, they use Lok instead of Mr. of the men and Lok Srey instead of Ms. or on the other hand Mrs. For ladies before the primary name (Tilley, Fredricks Hornett, 2012). Clothing regulation There is appropriate clothing standard which is significant for Cambodian. Clothing standard speaks to their situation in the general public. So as to do organizations in the nation, individuals likewise center around proper clothing standard. In the business procedure in Cambodia, men wear shirt with neckline with long jeans. Then again, ladies wear dresses or shirts rather short skirts. References Alkailani, M., Azzam, I. what's more, Athamneh, A., (2012), Replicating Hofstede in Jordan: Ungeneralized, Reevaluating the Jordanian Culture, IBR, 5(4). Frynas, J. G., Mellahi, K., (2011), Global Strategic Management, (second), New York: Oxford University Press Inc. Hofstede, G., (2011), Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and

A Story

A Story As Ive said many a time, but will say again for new readers, I live in Burton-Conner. In Burton-Conner we have kitchens, kitchens for cooking our own food, if we so choose. Many people embrace the kitchens and cook almost all of their meals there. Im not very cooking-inclined, nor do I really feel like learning right away, so I dont use the kitchens very often. This story, however, doesnt concern me, it concerns the girl across the hall. Sara 12 is also a resident of Conner 2. You may remember her from giant fish fame. She also doesnt cook. In fact, I think she and I are the only two who dont even really own dishes, we just use disposable dishes. Anyway, I make no secrets about not cooking. James 11 will be the first to tell you that the day he saw me cooking corned beef hash was one of the most miraculous days ever. Sara, however, still pretends to cook. Saras menu consists of two items, soup and cereal, both of which she fills too full. People on the floor who do cook, however, know that Sara is bluffing, that soup and cereal doesnt count as real cooking (as much as she says it does). Teasing and taunting happens (all in good fun of course), but Sara stands by her soup and cereal. One day, the taunting and the teasing came to a head. Sara misspoke one day, and Yuki, one of the most active kitchen-monkeys on the floor thought he heard her say that she burnt her cereal. Not oatmeal, not soup, but cereal. He couldnt believe it, so he asked her. . . Did you just say you burnt your cereal? Believing he was kidding, Sara responded in jest. Oh, yeah, oops. H- how? This is a critical time for both Sara and Yuki. This is when Sara realized Yuki believed her, and when Yuki realized he could hold this against her forever. Sara wasnt thrilled, Yuki was ecstatic. Soon the entire floor knew about Sara burning her cereal and there were rumors abound about how it may have happened. Lets be honest, burning cereal isnt easy. We figured we could figure it out, but in the end, we realized that in order to burn cereal Sara must have been a spectacularly bad cook. Time passed, the incident was generally forgotten, except for the occasional jab when she was spotted walking extremely slowly with a very full bowl of cereal. Then, one day, the most magnificent picture on the internet was discovered. Click for image Words . . . Cannot . . . Describe

Daniel de Lill - ThoughtCo

The Great Shots With My Own Eyes - 1694 Words

I have to add an asterisk here for the reason that I have not stood vigil over all golf shots in the history of the game. But you already knew that. What I have done is to pay careful attention to all the major championships since the early 1990s and have read about most of the others. Sure, it s kind of nerdy, but I am a historian of golf. Not the greatest historian, or even a historian who has seen very many of the great shots with my own eyes; nonetheless, I have developed what I hope are some fair opinions on golf s greatest surprises. What follows is a ranking of what I think are 10 of the best shock shots or events in the game; please add or correct me if you think I have left anything out. Bear in mind that I am biased in†¦show more content†¦Venturi, near-delirious, managed to finish at a risk to his health and ended up the champion of a very emotional open. 5. Johnny Miller, 1973 U.S. Open. Oakmont and the word forgiving rarely collide in the same sentence. Mil ler, several shots back coming into Sunday, claimed to have heard a voice that told him to open his stance. He listened to it, and the result is the lowest final round ever shot in a U.S. Open. 4. Jean Van de Velde, 1999 British Open, Carnoustie. Van de Velde is a famous golfer, but not for a good reason. His only contention for a major is clouded by the fact that he triple bogeyed the final hole with a three shot lead. He got into a playoff and lost to Paul Lawrie. Personally, I always played irons off the tee in similar positions after watching this painful debacle. 3. Bobby Jones, 1930 (all majors). One of the greatest legends in the game, Jones completed the only recorded grand slam ; he won all four of golf s majors in the same year. Albeit, the majors included the British and U.S. Amateur championships at the time, we can t fault Jones. It was all that was available to him, and he won. 2. Gene Sarazen, 1935 Masters. True, they call Bobby Thomson s homerun the shot heard round the world but the real title should go to the Squire. Sarazen holed a fairway wood for a double eagle on Augusta s 15th hole in theShow MoreRelatedDo the Right Thing Analysis1576 Words   |  7 Pagesblack neighbourhood in Brooklyn is what many consider a great movie. The movie portrays stories of many actors consisting from different palettes, where each has their own conflicts and struggles. It is a very entertaining movie yet it will leave you emotionally connected to the events that took place. It would not have reached its current success if it wasn’t for the unique cinematography. In the coming sections I will be talking about the shots, angles, lighting styles, symbolism and colour. Realism Read MoreThe Art of Film Making is My Passion1276 Words   |  6 Pagesrecently took a trip down to Tennessee with my family over the summer. This was our first time going down to Tennessee, and also our first time going this far down south. We rented a giant log cabin high in the hills in Wears Valley. On this cabin, there was a long, wrap-around porch on the second floor, with an incredible view of the top of the mountains in the distance. It was a fantastic trip, and I wanted to bring the whole thing home with me, so I did. My parents brought our video camera, and, meRead MoreEssay On Civil War1074 Words   |  5 Pageswalked towards the gunshots, they came across colonists singing along with her people. The Plymouth Colonist, couldnt correctly pronounce most of the words in the song. How could they continue to live in peace when they cant even speak each others own tongue, thought Honovi. Soon, they arrived at their destination. White and copper men were lined up with i ron guns, aiming at red and white circular targets 50 feet ahead of them. While some of her people looked to be learning from the white men toRead MoreA Heated Competitive Nature Of Basketball1053 Words   |  5 Pages I grew up with five brothers, naturally there was a heated competitive nature in my household over anything and everything. Notably when the competition at hand was the sport of basketball. Growing up basketball was more than a game, it was a way of life. My brothers and I analyzed every aspect of basketball, we were students of the game. I recall the 2008 NCAA Men’s Basketball Tournament, there was this undersized point guard playing for Davidson College by the name of Stephen Curry. This kid tookRead MoreZoe Rain: A Photographer and Her Art Essay730 Words   |  3 Pagesyears, Zoe Rain has been involved in a number of photography programs. Since 2009 she has been an associate at a photography company called JKoe, which is a local Seattle company (JKoe). 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Bhanwar was how I met Irrfan as he had come to Delhi to shoot one of the episodes. So I met Tigmanshu and he gave me the script. The moment I read it I felt this was my kind of script. I liked it a lot. I liked the movie Bandit Queen- the way it was handled, the way it was shot, the consistency of the film/cinematographyRead MoreThe Things They Carried Essay On War1487 Words   |  6 Pagesskirt. For a long while the girl gazed down at Fossie, almost blankly, and in the candlelight her face had the composure of someone perfectly at peace with herself. It took a few seconds, Rat said, to appreciate the full change. In part it was her e yes: utterly flat and indifferent. There was no emotion in her stare, no sense of the person behind it. But the grotesque part, he said, was her jewelry. At the girl s throat was a necklace of human tongues. Elongated and narrow, like pieces of blackenedRead MoreI Was So Tired - Original Writing1111 Words   |  5 Pagestired. My family and I had been kayaking since eight o’clock a.m. on this balmy Saturday morning, and the time was now approaching two p.m. With little rain the week before, kayaking was harder today than almost any other. This deficiency of precipitation caused the water to be low, therefore we had to walk when the rocks cropped out above the water. My exhaustion was beginning to affect my attitude. It seemed as if everything was so dark and awful, since I was just simply fatigued by my early

Pablo Membreno Free Essays

The plaintiff Pablo Membreno was a citizen of Honduras, who worked as an oiler on the ships owned by Costa Crociere, S. p. A (Costa), which was an Italian company whose headquarters were in Genoa, Italy. We will write a custom essay sample on Pablo Membreno or any similar topic only for you Order Now Costa fully owned another company Carnival Corporation, panama. Carnival Corporation was operating in Miami, Florida. Costa had no land – based offices in the United States. Membreno was hired on contract by Cruise Ships Catering Service International, N. V. (CSCS), Netherlands Antilles, to work onboard Costa Atlantica, which began its cruise from Fort Lauderdale, Florida. While the ship was in international waters, Membreno injured his wrist in the course of his work. The plaintiff claimed that despite having reported the matter to the supervisor and the ship’s doctor, he had not been given medical treatment. Five days later, his contract was completed and he disembarked from the ship. In Honduras a surgeon diagnosed Membreno with Kinnock’s disease and recommended surgery. Membreno sought a second opinion in Miami from an orthopedic surgeon, who performed surgery on the plaintiff’s wrist. He also received physical therapy. Procedural History: Membreno filed a case in the Southern District Court of Florida seeking redress for his damage. The number of defendants in the case was four but later reduced to two upon a consensus of the parties to the case. Costa and CSCS invoked the doctrine of forum non conveniens to move the court for a dismissal. The district court dismissed the case and Membreno appealed in the Eleventh Circuit Court. Issues legal question: The legal issues raised were whether or not the plaintiff could seek redressal in US courts for an injury that had occurred in international waters, the area of applicability of the Jones Act and the General Maritime Laws and whether such actions could be dismissed on the grounds of forum non conveniens. Broad holding: The Jones Act and the General Maritime Laws apply only within the territorial waters of the United States and the plaintiff will be precluded from filing suit at the location of a subsidiary company. Narrow holding: The district court rejected the application of the plaintiff seeking redress on the basis that he was injured in the international waters and the Florida company was merely a subsidiary company. Doctrinal Reasoning: In Szumlicz v. Norwegian Am. Line, Inc the court had held that if the laws of the United States were not applicable, then the action should be dismissed on the grounds of forum non conveniens (Szumlicz v Norwegian Am. Line, Inc, 1983). In Lauritzen v. Larsen, the Supreme Court laid down a set of eight factors to be satisfied. These factors are the place of the wrongful act, the national flag under which the ship was sailing, the domicile of the injured party, the dwelling place of the ship owner, the location where the parties had entered into the agreement, the approachability of a foreign forum, the law of the forum and the place of operations of the ship owner (Lauritzen v. Larsen, 1953 ). In the present case, six conditions had been in the favor of the defendants and as such the defendants had argued that the United States law was not applicable to the plaintiff. Policy Reasoning: The district court had properly interpreted and applied the doctrine of forum non conveniens in this case and the Eleventh Circuit Court upheld the decision of the district court. Miscellaneous: There was no difference of opinion between the presiding judges and the decision was unanimous. References Lauritzen v. Larsen, 345 U. S. 571 (1953 ). Szumlicz v Norwegian Am. Line, Inc, 698F. 2d 1192 (11th Circuit Court 1983). How to cite Pablo Membreno, Papers

The status of ancient egyptian women Essay Example For Students

The status of ancient egyptian women Essay The Status of Women in Ancient Egyptian SocietyUnlike the position of women in most other ancient civilizations, including that of Greece, the Egyptian woman seems to have enjoyed the same legal and economic rights as the Egyptian man at least in theory. This notion is reflected in Egyptian art and historical inscriptions. It is uncertain why these rights existed for the woman in Egypt but no where else in the ancient world. It may well be that such rights were ultimately related to the theoretical role of the king in Egyptian society. If the pharaoh was the personification of Egypt, and he represented the corporate personality of the Egyptian state, then men and women might not have been seen in their familiar relationships, but rather, only in regard to this royal center of society. Since Egyptian national identity would have derived from all people sharing a common relationship with the king, then in this relationship, which all men and women shared equally, they werein a senseequal to each other. We will write a custom essay on The status of ancient egyptian women specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This is not to say that Egypt was an egalitarian society. It was not. Legal distinctions in Egypt were apparently based much more upon differences in the social classes, rather than differences in gender. Rights and privileges were not uniform from one class to another, but within the given classes, it seems that equal economic and legal rights were, for the most part, accorded to both men and women. Most of the textual and archaeological evidence for the role of women that survives from prior to the New Kingdom pertains to the elite, not the common folk. At this time, it is the elite, for the most part, who leave written records or who can afford tombs that contain such records. However, from the New Kingdom onward, and certainly by the Ptolemaic Period, such evidence pertains more and more to the non-elite, i.e. , to women of the middle and lower classes. Actually, the bulk of the evidence for the economic freedom of Egyptian women derives from the Ptolemaic Period. The Greek domination of Egypt, which began with the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 B.C. , did not sweep away Egyptian social and political institutions. Both Egyptian and Greek systems of law and social traditions existed side-by-side in Egypt at that time. Greeks functioned within their system and Egyptians within theirs. Mixed parties of Greeks and Egyptians making contractual agreements or who were forced into court over legal disputes would choose which of the two legal systems in which they would base their settlements. Ironically, while the Egyptians were the subjugated people of their Greek rulers, Egyptian women, operating under the Egyptian system, had more privileges and civil rights than the Greek women living in the same society, but who functioned under the more restrictive Greek social and legal system. WOMENS LEGAL RIGHTSThe Egyptian womans rights extended to all the legally defined areas of society. From the bulk of the legal documents, we know that women could manage and dispose of private property, including: land, portable goods, servants, slaves, livestock, and money (when it existed), as well as financial instruments (i.e. , endowments and annuities). A woman could administer all her property independently and according to her free will. She could conclude any kind of legal settlement. She could appear as a contracting partner in a marriage contract or a divorce contract; she could execute testaments; she could free slaves; she could make adoptions. She was entitled to sue at law. It is highly significant that a woman in Egypt could do all of the above and initiate litigation in court freely without the need of a male representative. This amount of freedom was at variance with that of the Greek woman who required a designated male, called a kourios, to represent or stand for her in all legal contracts and proceedings. This male was her husband, father or brother. WOMENS PROPERTY RIGHTSThere were several ways for an Egyptian woman to acquire possessions and real property. Most frequently, she received it as gifts or as an inheritance from her parents or husband, or else, she received it through purchaseswith goods which she earned either through employment, or which she borrowed. Under Egyptian property law, a woman had claim to one-third of all the community property in her marriage, i.e. the property which accrued to her husband and her only after they were married. When a woman brought her own private property to a marriage (e.g., as a dowry), this apparently remained hers, although the husband often had the free use of it. However, in the event of divorce her property had to be returned to her, in addition to any divorce settlement that might be stipulated in the original marriage contract. A wife was entitled to inherit one-third of that community property on the death of her husband, while the other two-thirds was divided among the children, followed up by the brothers and sisters of the deceased. To circumvent this possibility and to enable his wife to receive either a larger part of the share, or to allow her to dispose of all the property, a husband could do several things: 1) In the Middle Kingdom, he could draw up an imyt-pr, a house document, which was a legal unilateral deed for donating property. As a living will, it was made and perhaps executed while the husband was still alive. In this will, the husband would assign to his wife what he wished of his own private property, i.e., what he acquired before his marriage. An example of this is the imyt-pr of Wah from el-Lahun. 2) If there were no children, and the husband did not wish his brothers and sisters to receive two-thirds of the community property, he could legally adopt his wife as his child and heir and bequeath all the property to her. Even if he had other children, he could still adopt his wife, so that, as his one of his legal offspring, she would receive some of the two-thirds share, in addition to her normal one-third share of the community property. A woman was free to bequeath property from her husband to her children or even to her own brothers and sisters (unless there was some stipulation against such in her husbands will). One papyrus tells us how a childless woman, who after she inherited her husbands estate, raised the three illegitimate children who were born to him and their female household slave (such liaisons were fairly common in the Egyptian household and seem to have borne no social stigma). She then married the eldest illegitimate step-daughter to her younger brother, whom she adopted as her son, that they might receive the entire inheritance. A woman could also freely disinherit children of her private property, i.e., the property she brought to her marriage or her share of the community property. She could selectively bequeath that property to certain children and not to others. WOMEN IN CONTRACTSWomen in Egypt were consistently concluding contracts, including: marriage and divorce settlements, engagements of wet-nurses, purchases of property, even arrangements for self-enslavement. Self-enslavement in Egypt was actually a form of indentured servitude. Although self-enslavement appears to have been illegal in Egypt, it was practiced by both men and women. .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa , .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa .postImageUrl , .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa , .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa:hover , .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa:visited , .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa:active { border:0!important; } .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa:active , .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucb2a36d3168f656f183fb6cbec3ab6aa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hydrologic Cycle Essay To get around the illegality, the servitude was stipulated only for a limited number of years, although it was usually said to be 99 years. Under self-enslavement, women often technically received a salary for their labor. Two reasons for which a woman might be forced into such an arrangement are:(1) as payment to a creditor to satisfy bad debts;(2) to be assured of ones provisions and financial security, for which a person might even pay a monthly fee, as though they were receiving a service. However, this fee would equal the salary that the provider had to pay for her labor; thus, no money would be exchanged. Since this service was a legal institution, then a contract was drawn up stipulating the conditions and the responsibilities of the involved parties. In executing such an arrangement, a woman could also include her children and grandchildren, alive or unborn. One such contract of a woman who bound herself to the temple of Saknebtynis states: The female servant (so so) has said before my master, Saknebtynis, the great god, I am your servant, together with my children and my childrens children. I shall not be free in your precinct forever and ever. You will protect me; you will keep me safe; you will guard me. You will keep me sound; you will protect me from every demon, and I will pay you 1-1/4 kita of copper . . . until the completion of 99 years, and I will give it to your priests monthly. If such women married male slaves, the status of their children depended on the provisions of their contracts with their owners. WOMEN BEFORE THE BAREgyptian women had the right to bring lawsuits against anyone in open court, and there was no gender-based bias against them, and we have many cases of women winning their claims. A good example of this fact is found in the Inscription of Mes. This inscription is the actual court record of a long and drawn- out private land dispute which occurred in the New Kingdom. Significantly, the inscription shows us four things: (1) women could manage property, and they could inherit trusteeship of property; (2) women could institute litigation (and appeal to the court of the vizier); (3) women were awarded legal decisions (and had decisions reversed on appeal); (4) women acted as witnesses before a court of law. However, based upon the Hermopolis Law Code of the third century B.C. , the freedom of women to share easily with their male relatives in the inheritance of landed property was perhaps restricted somewhat. According to the provisions of the Hermopolis Law Code, where an executor existed, the estate of the deceased was divided up into a number of parcels equal to the number of children of the deceased, both alive and dead. Thereafter, each male child (or that childs heirs), in order of birth, took his pick of the parcels. Only when the males were finished choosing, were the female children permitted to choose their parcels (in chronological order). The male executor was permitted to claim for himself parcels of any children and heirs who predeceased the father without issue. Female executors were designated when there were no sons to function as such. However, the code is specific thatunlike male executorsthey could not claim the parcels of any dead children. Still, it is not appropriate to compare the provisions of the Hermopolis Law Code to the Inscription of Mes, since the latter pertains to the inheritance of an office, i. e., a trusteeship of land, and not to the land itself. Indeed, the system of dividing the estate described in the law codeor something similar to it- -might have existed at least as early as the New Kingdom, since the Instructions of Any contains the passage, Do not say, My grandfather has a house. An enduring house, it is called (i. e., dont brag of any future inheritance), for when you take your share with your brothers, your portion may only be a storehouse. FEMALE LITERACYIt is uncertain, generally, how literate the Egyptian woman was in any period. Baines and Eyre suggest very low figures for the percentage of the literate in the Egypt population, i. e., only about 1% in the Old Kingdom (i.e., 1 in 20 or 30 males). Other Egyptologists would dispute these estimates, seeing instead an amount at about 5-10% of the population. In any event, it is certain that the rate of literacy of Egyptian women was well behind that of men from the Old Kingdom through the Late Period. Lower class women, certainly were illiterate; middle class women and the wives of professional men, perhaps less so. The upper class probably had a higher rate of literate women. In the Old and Middle Kingdoms, middle and upper class women are occasionally found in the textual and archaeological record with administrative titles that are indicative of a literate ability. In the New Kingdom the frequency at which these titles occur declines significantly, suggesting an erosion in the rate of female literacy at that time (let alone the freedom to engage in an occupation). However, in a small number of tomb representations of the New Kingdom, certain noblewomen are associated with scribal palettes, suggesting a literate ability. Women are also recorded as the senders and recipients of a small number of letters in Egypt (5 out of 353). However, in these cases we cannot be certain that they personally penned or read these letters, rather than employed the services of professional scribes. Many royal princesses at court had private tutors, and most likely, these tutors taught them to read and write. Royal women of the Eighteenth Dynasty probably were regularly trained, since many were functioning leaders. Since royal princesses would have been educated, it then seems likely that the daughters of the royal courtiers were similarly educated. In the inscriptions, we occasionally do find titles of female scribes among the middle class from the Middle Kingdom on, especially after the Twenty- sixth Dynasty, when the rate of literacy increased throughout the country. The only example of a female physician in Egypt occurs in the Old Kingdom. Scribal instruction was a necessary first step toward medical training. WOMEN IN PUBLICThe Egyptian woman in general was free to go about in public; she worked out in the fields and in estate workshops. Certainly, she did not wear a veil, which is first documented among the ancient Assyrians (perhaps reflecting a tradition of the ancient semitic- speaking people of the Syrian and Arabian Deserts). However, it was perhaps unsafe for an Egyptian woman to venture far from her town alone. Ramesses III boasts in one inscription, I enabled the woman of Egypt to go her own way, her journeys being extended where she wanted, without any person assaulting her on the road. A different view of the traveling women is found in the Instructions of Any, Be on your guard against a woman from abroad, who is not known in town, do not have sex with her. .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256 , .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256 .postImageUrl , .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256 , .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256:hover , .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256:visited , .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256:active { border:0!important; } .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256:active , .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256 .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud82520315ed8527c1bdc210927f7c256:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nelson Mandela Essay So by custom, there might have been a reputation of impiousness or looseness associated with a woman traveling alone in Egypt. Despite the legal freedom of women to travel about, folk custom or tradition may have discouraged that. So, e.g. , earlier in the Old Kingdom, Ptahhotep would write, If you desire to make a friendship last in a house to which you have access to its master as a brother or friend in any place where you might enter, beware of approaching the women. It does not go well with a place where that is done. However, the theme of this passage might actually refer to violating personal trust and not the accessibility of women, per se. However, mores and values apparently changed by the New Kingdom. The love poetry of that era, as well as certain letters, are quite frank about the public accessibility and freedom of women. WOMENS OCCUPATIONSIn general, the work of the upper and middle class woman was limited to the home and the family. This was not due to an inferior legal status, but was probably a consequence of her customary role as mother and bearer of children, as well as the public role of the Egyptian husbands and sons who functioned as the executors of the mortuary cults of their deceased parents. It was the traditional role of the good son to bury his parents, support their funerary cult, to bring offerings regularly to the tombs, and to recite the offering formula. Because women are not regularly depicted doing this in Egyptian art, they probably did not often assume this role. When a man died without a surviving son to preserve his name and present offerings, then it was his brother who was often depicted in the art doing so. Perhaps because it was the males who were regularly entrusted with this important religious task, that they held the primary position in public life. As far as occupations go, in the textual sources upper class woman are occasionally described as holding an office, and thus they might have executed real jobs. Clearly, though, this phenomenon was more prevalent in the Old Kingdom than in later periods (perhaps due to the lower population at that time). In Wentes publication of Egyptian letters, he notes that of 353 letters known from Egypt, only 13 provide evidence of women functioning with varying degrees of administrative authority. On of the most exalted administrative titles of any woman who was not a queen was held by a non-royal women named Nebet during the Sixth Dynasty, who was entitled, Vizier, Judge and Magistrate. She was the wife of the nomarch of Coptos and grandmother of King Pepi I. However, it is possible that the title was merely honorific and granted to her posthumously. Through the length of Egyptian history, we see many titles of women which seem to reflect real administrative authority, including one woman entitled, Second Prophet (i.e. High Priest) of Amun at the temple of Karnak, which was, otherwise, a male office. Women could and did hold male administrative positions in Egypt. However, such cases are few, and thus appear to be the exceptions to tradition. Given the relative scarcity of such, they might reflect extraordinary individuals in unusual circumstances. Women functioned as leaders, e. g., kings, dowager queens and regents, even as usurpers of rightful heirs, who were either their step-sons or nephews. We find women as nobility and landed gentry managing both large and small estates, e.g. , the lady Tchat who started as overseer of a nomarchs household with a son of middling status; married the nomarch; was elevated, and her son was also raised in status. Women functioned as middle class housekeepers, servants, fieldhands, and all manner of skilled workers inside the household and in estate-workshops. Women could also be national heroines in Egypt. Extraordinary cases include: Queen Ahhotep of the early Eighteenth Dynasty. She was renowned for saving Egypt during the wars of liberation against the Hyksos, and she was praised for rallying the Egyptian troops and crushing rebellion in Upper Egypt at a critical juncture of Egyptian history. In doing so, she received Egypts highest military decoration at least three times, the Order of the Fly. Queen Hatshepsut, as a ruling king, was actually described as going on military campaign in Nubia. Eyewitness reports actually placed her on the battlefield weighing booty and receiving the homage of defeated rebels. WOMEN AND CRIMEThese ordinary and extraordinary roles are not the only ones in which we see Egyptian women cast in ancient Egypt. We also see Egyptian women as the victims of crime (and rape); also as the perpetrators of crime, as adulteresses and even as convicts. Women criminals certainly existed, although they do not appear frequently in the historical record. A woman named Nesmut was implicated in a series of robberies of the royal tombs in the Valley of the Kings during the Twentieth Dynasty. Examples of women convicts are also known. According to one Brooklyn Museum papyrus from the Middle Kingdom, a woman was incarcerated at the prison at Thebes because she fled her district to dodge the corvee service on a royal estate. Most of the concubines and lesser wives involved in the harim conspiracy against Ramesses III were convicted and had their noses and ears cut off, while others were invited to commit suicide. Another woman is indicated among the lists of prisoners from a prison at el-Lahun. However, of the prison lists we have, the percentage of womens names is very small compared to those of men, and this fact may be significant. CONCLUSIONThe position of women in Egyptian society was unique in the ancient world. The Egyptian female enjoyed much of the same legal and economic rights as the Egyptian malewithin the same social class. However, how their legal freedoms related to their status as defined by custom and folk tradition is more difficult to ascertain. In general, social position in Egypt was based, not on gender, but on social rank. On the other hand, the ability to move through the social classes did exist for the Egyptians. Ideally, the same would have been true for women. However, one private letter of the New Kingdom from a husband to his wife shows us that while a man could take his wife with him, as he moved up in rank, it would not have been unusual for such a man to divorce her and take a new wife more in keeping with his new and higher social status. Still, self-made women certainly did exist in Egypt, and there are cases of women growing rich on their own